What is the difference between the five mahavratas of a Jain monk and the twelve vows of a shravak?

In Jainism, the five mahāvratas (great vows) are the core ethical commitments strictly observed by monks, entailing complete abstention from violence (ahiṃsā), falsehood (satya), theft (acaurya), sexual activity (brahmacharya), and attachment to possessions (aparigraha). These vows represent absolute renunciation and are observed without exception by ascetics to achieve spiritual purity. For householders (śrāvakas), these same five principles are observed as aṇuvratas (small vows), meaning they are practiced to a limited extent according to one's capacity and social context. To supplement these, śrāvakas undertake seven additional vows—making a total of twelve—that regulate their conduct in daily life, including restrictions on movement (disha-virati), limiting consumption (bhoga-upbhoga virati), and other ethical disciplines tailored to lay responsibilities. Thus, while monks follow the five mahāvratas in their fullest, uncompromising form, householders observe a broader set of twelve vows that combine moderated versions of the five great vows with additional rules to harmonize spiritual progress with worldly duties. This distinction underscores the Jain understanding of different spiritual capacities and life stages, ensuring ethical practice is accessible yet rigorous for all members of the Jain community.